On the left of the road lies China Fort, the area where some of the wealthiest among Sri Lankans Muslims live. [7] Additionally, with the standardization, codification and bureaucratization of Shia Islam, a Shi’i collective identity began to form and the Shi’i community started to "practice" sectarianism. However, religion is commonly used as a marker to differentiate the two sides of the community. [2] Sectarianization is an active, multi-layered process and a set of practices, not a static condition, that is set in motion and shaped by political actors pursuing political goals. Round-up of Posts for 10.17.20. More to the point, there is nothing to suggest that sectarian identities are an inherently centrifugal driver in national politics. It was subsequently reinforced with the creation of the Republic of Lebanon in 1920 and its 1926 constitution, and in the National Pact of 1943. A holistic understanding of sectarian identity must recognize the multiple fields upon which it is constructed and contested.
The culture of sectarianism: Community, history, and violence in nineteenth‐century Ottoman Lebanon, Pensee 4: Moving beyond orientalist fantasy, sectarian polemic and nationalist denial, The problem of sectarianism in the Middle East in an age of western hegemony, Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East, Shi'i historians in a Wahhabi state: Identity entrepreneurs and the politics of local historiography in Saudi Arabia, Transnational diffusion between Arab Shi'a movements, Sectarianism in Iraq: The making of a nation since 1920, Contesting the Iranian revolution as a turning‐point discourse in Bahraini contentious politics, Karbala in the Umayyad Mosque: Sunni panic at the “Shiitization” of Syria in the 2000s, The Dynamics of Sunni‐Shia Relationships: Doctrine, Transnationalism, Intellectuals and the Media, The class oriented rationale: Uncovering the sources of the Syrian Civil War, Iraq in wartime: Soldiering, martyrdom and remembrance, Sectarianism in Syria: Anthropological reflections, The Sectarianization of geopolitics in the Middle East, Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in post‐Saddam Iraq, Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational religion and the making of national identities, Chosen peoples: Sacred sources of national identity, Sectarian order in Bahrain: The social and colonial origins of criminal justice, Egypt closes Hussein mosque ahead of Ashura, Beyond the Beyond: On the (Many) Third Way(s) Beyond Primordialism and Instrumentalism in the Study of Sectarianism, Middle Eastern political clichés: Takriti and Sunni Rule in Iraq; Alawi rule in Syria. This ignores the layered nature of modern sectarian identities that includes a national dimension to sectarian relations. By mentioning these two cities, Khomeini led to the creation of Shia expansionism. The Catholic minority primarily favour the nationalist, and to some degree, republican, goal of unity with the Republic of Ireland, while the Protestant majority favour Northern Ireland continuing the union with Great Britain.
"[116], According to The New York Times, "The documents from Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Ministry illustrate a near obsession with Iran, with diplomats in Africa, Asia and Europe monitoring Iranian activities in minute detail and top government agencies plotting moves to limit the spread of Shiite Islam.
[2][3][5][6], The Ottoman Tanzimat, a period of Ottoman reform (1839–1876), emerged out of an effort to resist European intervention by emancipating the non-Muslim subjects of the empire, as European powers had started intervening in the region "on a explicitly sectarian basis".
According to the United Nations, the massive influx of refugees threatens to upset the “already fragile demographic balance between Shi’ites, Sunnis, Druze, and Christians.”[138] The Lebanese government faces major challenges for handling the refugee influx, which has strained public infrastructure as Syrians seek housing, food, and healthcare at a time of economic slowdown in Lebanon. Sometimes this mistrust manifested itself in Catholics being subjected to restrictions and discrimination, which itself led to further conflict.
In a recent survey, 65% of respondents felt that a political system based on citizenship and equality before the law was the most appropriate form of governance to overcome “sectarianism”—only 10% countenanced partition (The Day After, 2016, pp. The term sectarianization conceptualizes this notion. What’s wrong with Servus Christi? Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Learn more.
Get the best from CT editors, delivered straight to your inbox! See them at Protestia.com, Round-up of Posts for 10.15.20. Before the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the French Mandate in Syria, the Syrian territory had already witnessed massacres on the Maronite Christians, other Christians, Alawites, Shias and Ismailiyas, which had resulted in distrustful sentiments between the members of different sects.
The idea that there is a national dimension to how modern sectarian identities are imagined, practiced, and contested becomes fairly unremarkable if we discard the misplaced normative assumption that national identities are an inherently more benevolent and positive force than sectarian identities or that the two are completely separable. Focusing on the 2015 documentary Minimalism, the trio discuss consumerism, a healthy materialism, spirituality, and class privilege. [32] Authoritarian regimes can use religion as a weapon to create an "us and them" paradigm. In most places where Protestantism is the majority or "official" religion, there have been examples of Catholics being persecuted. of Pakistan's Muslim population is Sunni, and another 10 - 20% are Shia. What has caused concern in intelligence and security circles is the manifestation of this new phenomenon in Beruwala. What drives its salience? A critical appraisal, Introduction: Towards an integrative view of identity, Basra, the failed gulf state: Separatism and nationalism in Southern Iraq, Suffering, oil and ideals of coexistence: Non‐sectarian federal trends in the far south of Iraq, Blood lines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism, Community, Sect, Nation: Colonial and Social Scientific Discourses on the Alawis in Syria, The Alawis of Syria: War, faith and politics in the levant, The emergence of minorities in the Middle East: The politics of community in French Mandate Syria, Divisive rule: Sectarianism, and power maintenance in the Arab Spring: Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria, Istami’ ma yaqul ahad abna’ al‐hashd al sha'bi.
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