[18] He turned to his aide, who happened to be William Porcher Miles, the former chairman of the Confederate Congress's Committee on the Flag and Seal. The Confederate battle flag was born of necessity after the Battle of Bull Run. View. Notable examples include the flag that adorned the coffin of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, that of the Washington Artillery, famed artillery unit of New Orleans, the First Florida Infantry which saw action along side many Louisiana units at Shiloh, and the Sixth Louisiana (Orleans Rifles) embroidered with the inscription Let Us Alone, Trust In God. There is an active flag restoration program and donors may contribute funds to be used toward the restoration of any flag. On April 23, 1863, the Savannah Morning News editor William Tappan Thompson, with assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, published an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "The White Man's Flag," a name which never caught on. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. In 2000, the NAACP began a 15-year-long economicboycott of South Carolina because of its use of the flag. They objected to the Democratic Partys adoption of a pro-civil rights platform and were dismayed when hundreds of thousands of Black Americans registered to vote in Democratic primaries after the Supreme Court declared all-white primaries unconstitutional. It was sometimes called "Beauregard's flag" or "the Virginia battle flag". It is the most distinctive and popular emblem associated with the Confederacy. Regiments carried flags to help commanders observe and assess battles in the warfare of the era. He argued that the battle flag must be used, but it was necessary to emblazon it for a national flag, but as simply as possible, with a plain white field. "The present one is universally hated. It existed in a variety of dimensions and sizes, despite the CSN's detailed naval regulations. Beauregard gave a speech encouraging the soldiers to treat the new flag with honor and that it must never be surrendered. This would serve to show the world the South was truly sovereign. In 2000, the flag over the state house was removed, at the . Though as compared to the Confederate Battle Flags, stars and bars were less known, this first flag was used as the official flag of the Confederacy from March 5, 1861, to May 26, 1863. Sign In . A modification of that design was adopted on March 4, 1865, about a month before the end of the Read More symbolism of sovereignty As word spread about the conservation program the flag of the 10th Louisiana Infantry was adopted by a Canadian Reenacting Group that portrayed the unit. The only change was a substitution of a red bar for one-half of the white field of the former flag, composing the flag's outer end. More than double that number (12), however, bore eleven stars, with all but two arranged in a circle that included all eleven stars. By Devereaux D. Cannon, Jr. 25 January 2000. Moreover, the ones made by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the square canton of the second national flag rather than the slightly rectangular one that was specified by the law. The three states with coasts along the Gulf (Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana) accounted for 39 flags in the survey. The battle flag of Gen. Polks Corps saw action from Shiloh through the final surrender of the Army of Tennessee. Buy Today. The Dixiecrats adoption of the Confederate battle flag as a party symbol led to a surge in the banners popularity, and a flag fad spread from college campuses to Korean War battlefields and beyond. In the U.S. Army the garrison flag (flown on special occasions) was 20 feet on the hoist by 36 feet on the fly, while the storm flag (flown during inclement weather and less formal occurences) was directed to measure 10 feet on the hoist by 20 feet on the fly. Adopted in February 1865, as a result from complaints made by the Confederate Navy that he predominate white color of the second national flag caused it be mistaken for a flag of surrender. Nonetheless both were still represented in the Confederate Congress and had Confederate shadow governments composed of deposed former state politicians. These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? The flags were known as the "Stars and Bars", used from 1861 to 1863; the "Stainless Banner", used from 1863 to 1865; and the "Blood-Stained Banner", used in 1865 shortly before the Confederacy's dissolution. It was designed by Prussian -American artist Nicola Marschall in Marion, Alabama, and is said to resemble the Flag of Austria, with which Marschall would have been familiar. Congress did not adopted a formal Act codifying this flag, but it is described in the Report of the Committee on Flag and Seal, in the following language: The flag of the Confederate States of America shall consist of a red field with a white space extending horizontally through the center, and equal in width to one-third the width of the flag. Denounced as a hate symbol, the Confederate flag remains popular among white supremacists and Southerners who claim it as their heritage. Copy link. The Southern Cross symbolized rebelliousness,writes historian John M. Koskibut now it gained a more specific connotation of resistance to the civil rights movement and to racial integration.. The protesters were demanding diverse hiring and were boycotting the area's stores. This bunting was placed in the hands of Richmond military goods dealer, George Ruskell. The 1879 flag was introduced by Georgia state senator Herman H. Perry and was adopted to memorialize Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Bar, Cocktails, $ $$ Facebook. In 1989 friends of Memorial Hall paid for the conservation of a Confederate Battle Flag given to the museum by Rene Beauregard, son of General PGT Beauregard. When the Confederate States of America was founded during the Montgomery Convention that took place on February 4, 1861, a national flag was not selected by the Convention due to not having any proposals. Heres why each season begins twice. Scientists just confirmed a 30-foot void first detected inside the monument years ago. Because of the large number of Tennessee regiments in this corps the flag is sometimes referred to as the Tennessee Moon flag. This flag proposal was the first variant submitted by William T. Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama. E arly in the war, most regiments carried the Confederate First National flag (the "Stars and Bars") or their state's flag since the Confederacy did not have an official battle flag. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. [53] The "rebel flag" is considered by some to be a highly divisive and polarizing symbol in the United States. But as secession got underway, the Confederate States of America adopted a flag that riffed off the Unions stars and stripes. The Stars and Bars' resemblance to the U.S. flag, combined with similarities between the two sides' uniforms and the general confusion of battle, contributed to an incident at First Manassas in which Confederate forces fired on a Confederate infantry brigade commanded by Jubal A. The stars are usually arranged in a circle and number seven or more. William Porcher Miles, a Confederate congressman and Beauregards aide-de-camp, designed it, borrowing an X-shaped pattern known as St. Andrews Cross and emblazoning it with one star for each seceding state. The flags that were actually produced by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Confederate navy's battle ensign, rather than the official 2:1 ratio. Our acid dye process saturates right through the flag producing deep and vivid colors that never crack or peel. 04 Mar 2023 21:30:08 March 4, 1861 The first national flag of the Confederate States of America (the "Stars and Bars") is adopted. [12], Flag of Alabama (obverse)(January 11, 1861), Flag of Alabama (reverse)(January 11, 1861), Flag of South Carolina (January 26, 1861), Cherokee Braves Regiment (modern-day Oklahoma)[citation needed], Flag of the Choctaw Brigade (modern-day Oklahoma) (adopted in 1860)[citation needed], Flag of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation[citation needed], Flag made for the Confederate Seminole (reconstruction; exact shades and layout unknown)[36]. The Stars and Bars Flag is the first official flag of the Confederacy. "[40], According to Coski, the Saint Andrew's Cross (also used on the flag of Scotland as a white saltire on a blue field) had no special place in Southern iconography at the time. Available for both RF and RM licensing. flag. With the war over, the South entered Reconstruction, a period during which the now reunified United States ended slavery and gave Black Americans citizenship and voting rights. In 1956, prompted by the Supreme Courts Brown v. Board of Educationruling that declared segregation unconstitutional, Georgiaadopted a state flag that prominently incorporated the symbol. Stars and Bars (final version) Measures: 3 feet by 5 feet FLAG QUALITY AND USES Standard Quality Construction: Super-weave polyester - Our most popular quality level Many different designs were proposed during the solicitation for a second Confederate national flag, nearly all based on the Battle Flag. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos. To this end, he proposed his own flag design featuring a blue saltire on white Fimbriation with a field of red. In July 1944, one month after the Allies stormed the beaches of Normandy, the 79th Infantry Division drove Nazi troops out of the French town La Haye-du-Puits. Activist and filmmaker Brittany "Bree" Newsome climbed a 30-foot pole outside of the South Carolina state capitol to remove the Confederate flag weeks after a shooting at a predominantly Black Charleston church in 2015. This flag saw action in the battles in the west. Since the end of the Civil War, private and official use of the Confederate flags, particularly the battle flag, has continued amid philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the United States. This is the actual Stars & Bars, first official flag of the Confederate States of America, specifically the 13-star version which flew from 1861 to 1863: Confederate Stars & Bars ( public domain) [47], The Second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangular cousin of the Confederate Army's battle flag and was in use from 1863 until 1865. Thus, there would have been 7 stars from 4 March 1861 until 7 May 1861, when Virginia became the 8th Confederate State by Act of Congress. STARS AND BARS Images of Lone Star versions of the first Confederate national flag. STARS AND BARS Images of 11 Star versions of the first Confederate national flag. William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. Just under half of these flags (18) bore eleven stars, of which 8 bore a center star with the other ten stars surrounding it. The pattern and colors of this flag did not distinguish it sharply fom the Stars and Stripes of the Union. He described the idea in a letter to his commanding General Joseph E. Johnston: I wrote to [Miles] that we should have 'two' flags a 'peace' or parade flag, and a 'war' flag to be used only on the field of battle but congress having adjourned no action will be taken on the matter How would it do us to address the War Dept. A Confederate battle flag distinct from the flag of the Confederacy, the "Stars and Bars," was created following the first major battle of the Civil War, at Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia, in July 1861, because in the heat of battle soldiers and commanders confused the Stars and Bars with the Union army's "Stars and Stripes." Judging from the $12.00 price that Ruskell later received for a bunting Confederate 1st national that was 6 feet long on the fly, it is thought that the 43 flags that he delivered in July and August were 4 feet on their hoist by 6 feet on their fly with eleven white, 5-pointed stars arranged in a circle or ellipse. The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. In Texas, various lone star designs were used during the was for Texas Independence in 1836. Designed by William Porcher Miles, one of the congressmen of the Confederate, the new flag had a blue X-shaped pattern called St. Andrew's Cross against a red background. Stars and Bars (First National Flag) image by Wayne J. Lovett, 24 June 2001 The flag which first flew over Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, SC in 1861. The Bonnie Blue Flag is on the right. Flag flown by Confederate Missouri regiments during the Vicksburg campaign. Due to the flag's resemblance to one of truce, some Confederate soldiers cut off the flag's white portion, leaving only the canton.[33]. Military officers also voiced complaints about the flag being too white, for various reasons, such as the danger of being mistaken for a flag of truce, especially on naval ships where it was too easily soiled. The garrison flag of the Confederate forces HistorianWilliam Sturkey, an associate professor at the University of North Carolina and author of Hattiesburg: An American City in Black and White, says that racists turn to the symbol again and again when they feel embattled and threatened. Newsome was arrested, but state officials voted to remove the flag from the building the following month. The . Interestingly, a significant number of Tennessee company and regimental 1st national flags were made of silk and were of very large size, often exceeding 8 feet on their flys. The flag was adopted by the permanent congress on May 1, 1863. (2016). No seven star Confederate flags survive from these states. On May 1, 1863, the Confederacy adopted its first official national flag, often called the Stainless Banner. He described these changes and his reasons for making them in early 1861. On the border of Fairfax, Beverly Grove, and La Brea, Blue Collar serves up Art Deco and noir vibes. Confederate generals P.G.T. The "Stars and Bars" caused much confusion on the battlefield because of its similarity to the United States flag, the "Stars and Stripes." The Confederate Army never had an official battle flag. The ANV was never the official flag of the Confederacy and was not called The Stars and Bars. The 12th star represented Missouri. In the wake of the 2017 Charlottesville white supremacist rally, demand for the banner surged across the country. But it didnt look like that from a distanceand in the thick of battle, it was hard to tell the two apart. Please be respectful of copyright. the Confederate States of America began to use its first flag, the Stars and Bars, on March 5, 1861. [56][57] A YouGov poll in 2020 of more than 34,000 Americans reported that 41% viewed the flag as representing racism, and 34% viewed it as symbolizing southern heritage. As might be expected 2 of the flags from Virginia (the eighth state to join the Confederacy) bear seven stars around a larger center star, and 2 of the flags from North Carolina (the tenth Confederate state) bear ten stars. Beaureguard for the battle flag then named the Army of the Potomac. Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause. Marschall also designed the Confederate army uniform. [13] The Columbia-based Daily South Carolinian observed that it was essentially a battle flag upon a flag of truce and might send a mixed message. When their backs are against the wall, they turn to the flag, he says. Isnt a battle flag supposed to be square? Unit abbreviations on two of the surviving flags were applied with separately cut and applied red cotton letters. and the later Sons of Confederate Veterans, (S.C.V. ", "Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." Moise liked the design but asked that "the symbol of a particular religion not be made the symbol of the nation." This particular battle ensign was the only example taken around the world, finally becoming the last Confederate flag lowered in the Civil War; this happened aboard the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah in Liverpool, England, on November 7, 1865. Johnston also specified the various sizes to be used by different types of military units. In the early summer of 1861, the army was renamed the Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) commanded by Gen. R.E. The white stars on the blue field represent the original Confederate States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas. After taking command of the main Confederate army in the west, Gen. Jos E. Johnson adopted this variation of the Virginia Battle Flag for the Army of Tennessee. There were three bars on the flag, two red and one white, and thus the popular name "Stars and Bars." First Flag of the Confederate States of America, March 4, 1861 The seven stars represent the seven original states: South Carolina; Mississippi; Florida; Alabama; Georgia; Louisiana and Texas. [54][55] A 2020 Quinnipiac poll showed that 55% of Southerners saw the Confederate flag as a symbol of racism, with a similar percentage for Americans as a whole. There are over 140 flags in the collection of Memorial Hall, most of which are from Louisiana regiments. One seven-star jack still exists today (found aboard the captured ironclad CSS Atlanta) that is actually "dark blue" in color (see illustration below, left). Solar max fabric also has a special UV resistance built right into the weave of the fabric to minimize sun fade and chemical deterioration. Historian Gaines M. Foster for Zcalo Public Square writes that its use was regional and tied to the memory of the war. (Toppling statues is a first step toward ending Confederate myths.). Although the officially designated design specified a rectangular canton, many of the flags that ended up being produced utilized a square-shaped canton. Why are there 13 stars on Confederate flags? These include flags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and individuals. The results were mixed. General Johnston suggested making it square to conserve material. The "Stars and Bars" flag, now called the Confederate first national pattern, was selected (without a formal vote) by the Confederate government in March 1861. Across the South, Citizens Councils and the Ku Klux Klanflew the battle flag as they intimidated Black citizens. Most famously, the "Bonnie Blue Flag" was used as an unofficial flag during the early months of 1861. Known as the Stars and Bars, the flag featured a white star for each Confederate state on a blue background, and three stripes, two red and one white. Our historical flags are unsurpassed in quality and authenticity. The first national flag of the Confederacy with thirteen stars was used until May 1, 1863. When rebels fired on Fort Sumter in April 1861, they flew a blue banner with a single white star called the Bonnie Blue Flag. The union blue extending down through the white space and stopping at the lower red space. But though the flag had been adopted by advocates of segregation and white supremacy, many denied that aspect of its meaning and instead insisted it stood for the Southern ideals espoused by the Lost Cause. During the Civil War, some of the units from Louisiana and Texas adopted the Bonnie Blue flag as their official banner of the Confederacy. Deliveries began on 18 July 1861 and continued until 7 August. [15], A monument in Louisburg, North Carolina, claims the "Stars and Bars" "was designed by a son of North Carolina / Orren Randolph Smith / and made under his direction by / Catherine Rebecca (Murphy) Winborne. Miles described his rejected national flag design to Beauregard. To remedy this inadequacy, General Beauregard caused a number of Confederate 1st national flags to be made from the bunting that had been seized at the former Gosport U.S. Navy Yard near Portsmouth, Virginia. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. The colors red, white and blue were symbolic of France, red and gold colors of Spain and 13 stripes of the United States. The first national flag of the Confederacy was the Stars and Bars (left) in 1861, but it caused confusion on the battlefield and rancour off it "Everybody wants a new Confederate flag,". Second national flag (May 1, 1863 March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio, Second national flag (May 1, 1863 March 4, 1865), also used as the Confederate navy's ensign, 3:2 ratio, A 12-star variant of the Stainless Banner produced in, Variant captured following the Battle of Painesville, 1865, Third national flag (after March 4, 1865), Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 18:54. Unauthorized use is prohibited. [31] Gray stated that the white field represented "purity, truth, and freedom. The Republic was short lived and soon dissolved. Only 13 flags, however, had been delivered to Major J.B. McClelland at Richmond by the battle of 1st Manassas (Bull Run), and none of these may have been distributed to the Army at Centreville before the battle. The "Stars and Bars" The First Confederate National Flag (1861 - 1863) The Confederate Battle Flag (1861-1865) VII. It was flying above the Confederate batteries that first opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, in South Carolina beginning the Civil War. A Virginia Department of Historic Resources marker declaring Fairfax, Virginia, as the birthplace of the Confederate battle flag was dedicated on April 12, 2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, in Fairfax, Virginia. Miles' flag lost out to the "Stars and Bars". Miles had already designed a flag that later became known as the Confederate Battle Flag, and he favored his flag over the "Stars and Bars" proposal. STARS AND BARS Images of 13 Star versions of the first Confederate national flag. The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, because "it avoided the religious objection about the cross (from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it did not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been placed upright thus." Protesters fought the symbol in public spaces and educational institutions. But given the popular support for a flag similar to the U.S. flag ("the Stars and Stripes" originally established and designed in June 1777 during the Revolutionary War), the "Stars and Bars" design was approved by the committee.[17]. The Confederate Congress specified that the new design be a white field "with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the ground red; thereupon a broad saltire of blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States. In a Feb. 10 memo to its public affairs offices, the Defense Department said that having service members carry the U.S. flag horizontally or land it on the ground after a parachute jump is no . "Southern Confederacy" (Atlanta, Georgia), 5 Feb 1865, pg 2. But despite recurrentdebates about its meaning and appropriateness, the flag never really disappeared. It was not unusual to visit a Civil War reenactment and see the groups selling bowls of beans for $3.00 with the proceeds going toward the flag conservation program. Hundreds of designs were submitted and on May 4, 1861, the First National Flag was adopted (there would eventually be two others). [ 1] The Stars and Bars flag was adopted March 4, 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama and raised over the dome of . South Carolina, which had defiantly flown the banner at its capitol for years,retired it that year, and multiple retailers stopped selling merchandise featuring the flag now labeled ahate symbol by the Anti-Defamation League. national flag consisting of white stars (50 since July 4, 1960) on a blue canton with a field of 13 alternating stripes, 7 red and 6 white. In addition to the 112 1st national flags from states east of the Mississippi, a number of Confederate 1st national flags from the trans-Mississippi region have also been surveyed. The number remained 11 through the summer, but increased when Missouri and Kentucky were admitted to the CSA by Acts of Congress approved 28 November 1861 and 10 December 1861, respectively. The similarity between the stars and bars and the stars and strips caused many cases of mistaken identity during the first battle of Manassas or Bull Run in July of 1861. At a distance, the two national flags were hard to tell apart. The thirteen stars stand for the thirteen states that were . At the First Battle of Manassas, near Manassas, Virginia, the similarity between the "Stars and Bars" and the "Stars and Stripes" caused confusion and military problems. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? Many individual companies received splendid flags from the communities from which they were raised, but the regiments into which they were assembled did not necessarily share in this enthusiasm. J. Hardee. A white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall, a red vertical stripe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire. The flags of the Confederate States of America have a history of three successive designs from 1861 to 1865. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. [note 4][20] The first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the Ben Johnson House in Bardstown, Kentucky; the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navy's battle ensign[citation needed]. Though it hassome Black supporters, it remains shorthand for a defiant South and all that implies. Similarly the patriotic ladies of the South who prepared most of the company and regimental flags for the military units raised in the Southern states chose whatever proportions and sizes seemed aesthetic. Because of its similarity to the U.S. flag, the Stars and Bars was sometimes confused with the Stars and Stripes in the smoke of battle. A young . Lightboxes. The number of stars was changed several times as well. LEE. One such 12-star flag resides in the collection of Richmond's Museum of the Confederacy and the other is in the Confederate Memorial Hall Museum in New Orleans. [50][51][52] It is also known as the rebel flag, Dixie flag, and Southern cross. But once Reconstructionended in 1877, white Southerners hastened to restore what they saw as their rightful place at the top of a racially segregated social order. Its popularity persisted, and over the ensuing decades, the battle flag became a generic symbol of rebellion spotted on TV shows like The Dukes of Hazzardand on stage with bands likeLynyrd Skynyrd. Besides, many military units had their own regimental flags they would carry into battle. Although this design was never a national flag, it is the most commonly recognized symbol of the Confederacy. Photograph courtesy the Library of Congress, Photograph by Flip Schulke, CORBIS/Corbis/Getty, Photograph by Kris Graves, National Geographic. [12], Due to the timing, very few of these third national flags were actually manufactured and put into use in the field, with many Confederates never seeing the flag. Find the perfect the stars and bars flag stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Kentucky), and even from Union states (such as New York). So Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard decided that he needed to design a different national flag so that it would . The First Official Flag of the Confederacy. Of 32 Confederate 1st national flags from the states of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, a surprisingly large proportion of the Georgia flags (5 out of 25- 20%) bore seven stars in a circle. While no standard proportions or sizes prevailed nationwide in the Confederate States of America, a survey of 112 identified company or regimental flags from the cis-Mississippi states that conform to the pattern of the Confederate 1st national flag does indicate that several regional variations do predominate. The trend continued with local reenactment groups raising the necessary funds to conserve flags. [34][35] As a result of this first usage, the flag received the alternate nickname of the "Jackson Flag". Hetty Cary and her sister and cousin made prototypes. But how did the battle flag, also known as the Southern Cross, come to represent the Confederacy in the first place? The identification stuck, and the flags use proliferated. Email. A crowd of white teenagers protest school integration in Montogmery, Alabama, in 1963. It resembles the Yankee flag, and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable." The result was anything but uniformity in the colors carried by the armies that coallesced in the Shenandoah Valley and around Centreville in June. [19] As early as April 1861, a month after the flag's adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a "servile imitation" and a "detested parody" of the U.S. Realizing that they quickly needed a national banner to represent their sovereignty, the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States set up the Committee on Flag and Seal. at Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1863. Soon after, the first Confederate Battle Flag was also flown.
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